Abstract
Many organizations allow GNSS users to access Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMS). However, the TEC estimates derived from GIMs are of insufficient quality to describe small-scale TEC variations over Pakistan. In this paper, the first local TEC map over Pakistan for the year 2019, derived from a regional GPS network, is presented. Spherical harmonics expansion is employed to estimate TEC with the spatial resolution of latitude 0.2° x longitude 0.2° and temporal resolution of 5 minutes. The impact of changing the degree/order of harmonics is assessed and it is determined that harmonic expansion up to 6 degrees is sufficient for estimating accurate TEC map for the region of interest. We have demonstrated that the TEC maps of Pakistan generated by local model conform better to the GIM by Center of Orbit Determination (CODE) (RMS = 5.83) as compared to International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) (RMS = 7.18). We found that the TEC estimated by the local model shows a better correlation to measured TEC; CODE-GIM overestimated TEC, while IRI-2016 underestimates it. Moreover, it was observed that TEC peaks during noon (1100-0100 LT) and Equinox (April). The residuals of local TEC estimates with respect to TEC obtained from CODE- GIM indicate the inaccuracy of CODE-GIM over the region of Pakistan: highest deviation of TEC from local model with respect to CODE –GIM was observed in April (RMS = 8.73) and minimum in October (RMS = 2.78). We have also analyzed the performance of our maps in geomagnetically disturbed days. The research presented in this paper will contribute towards the ionosphere study over Pakistan, where limited research is available currently.
Highlights
Total Electron Content (TEC) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has a number of significant applications in a variety of fields including but not limited to navigation, timing, surveying, agriculture, telecommunications, financial industry and military
The expansion of up to 6 satisfies the previously set requirements for the experimental local TEC map accuracy over Pakistan, since there is no significant change in RMS error with respect to Center of Orbit Determination (CODE)-global ionosphere maps (GIMs) after further expansion (Table 1)
TEC maps provided by International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2016 and CODE-GIM are being used for TEC variations and estimation within Pakistan
Summary
Total Electron Content (TEC) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has a number of significant applications in a variety of fields including but not limited to navigation, timing, surveying, agriculture, telecommunications, financial industry and military. The ionosphere is a region of Earth’s atmosphere containing charged particles along with free electrons having boundary limits starting from ~50 km and extending more than ~1000 km. This region causes a frequencydependent propagation effect on the RF signals passing through it, such as phase delay and carrier advance. One of the parameters to quantify the ionosphere is TEC which is the total number of free electrons present in a square meter cross sectional area between the satellite and the receiver
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