Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate antioxidant vitamin intake and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) from diet and dietary supplements and to examine their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults. Out of 6308 adults 19~64 years old from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1847 adults were classified as dietary supplement users and the other 4461 adults were classified as non-users. Antioxidant intake and TAC from diet and dietary supplements were estimated using dietary intake data and linked with the antioxidant and TAC database for common Korean foods. The prevalence of MetS was lower in dietary supplement users (odds ratio (OR) = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68–0.98) than that in non-users. Among dietary supplement users, a lower prevalence of MetS was observed in the highest tertile for vitamin A (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53–0.99) and vitamin E (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–0.99) intake than that in the lowest tertile among non-users. Subjects in the highest tertile of TAC among dietary supplement users showed a lower prevalence of MetS (OR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52–0.99) than non-users. The results imply that intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, and TAC from dietary supplements might have a protective effect on MetS among Korean adults.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, such as elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, and abdominal obesity [1]
Dietary supplements are defined by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) as “a product taken for supplementing insufficient nutrients in the usual diet or for health promotion, which should contain vitamins, minerals, and functional ingredients in any form of tablets, capsules, powder, granules, and liquid”
There were no significant differences in the proportion of subjects with obesity, regular physical activity, and macronutrient intakes between dietary supplement users and non-users
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, such as elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, and abdominal obesity [1]. MetS is diagnosed when three or more of the above risk factors are present. Among contributing risk factors for MetS, including heredity, aging, diet, physical inactivity, irregular sleep, and excessive alcohol consumption [4,5], dietary factors are known to play an important role in the development and prevention of MetS [6]. Antioxidants, or substances that prevent oxidation of other molecules [7], are considered to be dietary factors associated with MetS. Antioxidant intake has been reported to reduce oxidative stress and alleviate the inflammatory response, which are involved in the development of MetS [7,9]
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