Abstract
In recent years, many landslides have occurred in Vietnam, particularly in the Northern mountainous region during the rainy season from May to October. On the morning of October 12, 2017, the Khanh waterfall landslide in Khanh Village, Hoa Binh Province, Northern Vietnam occurred. The landslide killed eighteen people and destroyed five houses. Topographical and geological surveys were conducted around the area to determine its causes. The rainfall data and flow discharge were also analyzed. The results showed that this collapse was different from some previous ones collapsed due to the erosion at the toe of the slope. Khanh waterfall landslide occurred due to the increasing amount of water in cracks and caves in the limestone layer in the slope. The collapse process was simulated based on Coulomb mixture theory. The numerical simulation results show similarities with the actual collapse process. The results provide indicators for assessing the risk of such limestone waterfall landslides in the future.
Highlights
Vietnam has a humid monsoon climate with a high average annual rainfall
The range of movement and the amount of moving mass were estimated based on the actual geological evidence, information provided by the local residents, and the images taken by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
The torrent rainfall flowed into the upper stream network channel and concentrated on Khanh waterfall (Fig. 12)
Summary
Vietnam has a humid monsoon climate with a high average annual rainfall. Damaging landslides occur every year during the rainy season. Studies on rainfall-triggered landslides in Vietnam such as in Binh Dinh Province (Duc 2013), Lao Cai Province (Bui et al 2017), Quang Ninh Province (Loi et al 2017; Nguyen et al 2020), and Danang City (Quang et al 2018) have identified the torrential rain as the primary cause of landslides in Viet Nam. Hoa Binh is the northern mountainous province most affected by landslides during the rainy season (Bui et al 2013). On October 12, 2017, around 01:00 local time, a landslide occurred at Khanh waterfall, Phu Cuong Commune, Tan Lac District, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam. The Khanh waterfall is located in a limestone area
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