Abstract
Digital watermarking is an effective method of vector map copyright protection. However, the topology and geometric features are potentially influenced by the disturbances of vertices caused by watermark embedding, thus reducing the availability of watermarked vector maps. In this research, we propose a post-correction method for two-dimensional vector map watermarking, by which the topology and geometric features of the input data can be preserved, while using only conventional watermarking techniques. In the proposed method, the Maximum Perturbation Regions (MPR) of vertices and direction angle constraints methods of adjacent lines are adopted to undergo multi-azimuth checks of watermarked vertices, which may cause changes of the geometric features and topology. After that, the coordinate adjustment method which is based on the homonymous vertices topology association and the MPR are combined for topology and geometric feature correction. For watermark embedding, two classic frequency domain watermarking techniques, Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) and Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT), phase based and low-frequency coefficient based respectively, are also adopted. The scheme was conducted on a building vector map and a road vector map. The experimental results show that the proposed method can ensure the topology consistency and geometric feature similarity of vector maps before and after embedding watermarks. Moreover, this method has little interference with the maps, which improves the usability of the watermarked vector map.
Highlights
As an important strategic resource for the national economy, national defense construction, and social development, vector maps may feature accurate and detailed geographical coordinates, expensive production costs, prominent economic or military interests, etc., [1]–[3]
It can be seen from the figure that dense vertices generate small maximum perturbation region (MPR), which influences the operability of the watermark embedding
Aiming at the problem of topology change and geometric features loss after the watermark embedding in a vector map, a post-correction method has been proposed in this paper
Summary
As an important strategic resource for the national economy, national defense construction, and social development, vector maps may feature accurate and detailed geographical coordinates, expensive production costs, prominent economic or military interests, etc., [1]–[3]. Vector maps are copied, tampered with, or illegally spread, and this can seriously damage the legitimate rights and interests of data owners. Vector map watermarking algorithms usually include three steps: watermark generation, watermark embedding, and watermark detection [5], [6], and they come in two flavors, according to the embedding location of the watermark: (1) coordinate domain watermarking algorithms; and (2) frequency domain watermarking algorithms. Cox and Jager [7] first proposed the coordinate domain watermarking algorithm for vector maps, which advocates directly encoding watermark information on each vertex coordinate. The bits of the embedded watermark information are uncorrelated, and they
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