Topography and Three-Dimensional Structure Can Estimate Tree Diversity along a Tropical Elevational Gradient in Costa Rica

Chelsea Robinson,Anna Hubel,Sassan Saatchi,Thomas Gillespie,Johanna Hurtado Astaiza,David Clark

doi:10.3390/rs10040629

Abstract

This research seeks to understand how tree species richness and diversity relates to field data (1-ha plots) on forest structure (stems, basal area) and lidar derived data on topography and three-dimensional forest structure along an elevational gradient in Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica. In 2016 we calculated tree species richness and diversity indices for twenty 1-ha plots located along a gradient ranging from 56 to 2814 m in elevation. Field inventory data were combined with large footprint (20 m) airborne lidar data over plots in 2005, in order to quantify variations in topography and three-dimensional structure across plots and landscapes. A distinct pattern revealing an increase in species’ richness and the Shannon diversity index was observed in correlation with increasing elevation, up to about 600 m; beyond that, at higher elevations, a decrease was observed. Stem density and basal area both peaked at the 2800 m site, with a mini-peak at 600 m, and were both negatively associated with species richness and diversity. Species richness and diversity were negatively correlated with elevation, while the two tallest relative height metrics (rh100, rh75) derived from lidar were both significantly positively correlated with species richness and diversity. The best lidar-derived topographical and three-dimensional forest structural models showed a strong relationship with the Shannon diversity index (r2 = 0.941, p < 0.01), with ten predictors; conversely, the best species richness model was weaker (r2 = 0.599, p < 0.01), with two predictors. We realize that our high r² has to be interpreted with caution due to possible overfitting, since we had so few ground plots in which to develop the relationship with the numerous topographical and structural explanatory variables. However, this is still an interesting analysis, even with the issue of overfitting. To reduce issues with overfitting we used ridge regression, which acted as a regularization method, shrinking coefficients in order to decrease their variability and multicollinearity. This study is unique because it uses paired 1-ha plot and airborne lidar data over a tropical elevation gradient, and suggests potential for mapping species richness and diversity across elevational gradients in tropical montane ecosystems using topography and relative height metrics from spaceborne lidar with greater spatial coverage (e.g., GEDI).

Highlights

Tropical forests are experiencing high rates of deforestation and degradation; this has had in a strongly adverse impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services [1,2,3]
Tree species richness and diversity changed in a non-linear fashion along the montane gradient (Figure 2); species richness (178 sp.) and Shannon diversity (4.64) both peaked at the plot located at 552 m elevation, VB3 (Table 1)
We examined tree species richness and diversity from field data (20 1-ha plots) on forest structure and large footprint lidar derived data on topography and three-dimensional forest structure along an elevational gradient in Brauilo Carrillo, Costa Rica

Summary

Introduction

Tropical forests are experiencing high rates of deforestation and degradation; this has had in a strongly adverse impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services [1,2,3]. Tropical montane forests are of particular interest because of their high diversity, the complexity of their landscapes, the intensity of degradation from anthropogenic forces, and their vulnerability to changing climate. Recent tropical montane studies that examine the full extent of elevational gradients show a pattern characterized by a mid-elevation diversity peak of trees, epiphytes, and mammals [5,8,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Field data suggests that stem density and biomass may be associated with diversity along elevation gradients, and new technologies such as lidar are available to examine the micro-topography and three-dimensional structure of tropical forests [25,26,27]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion