Topographical analyses of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in micro‐ and macropores of apatite‐fiber scaffold

Abstract

A variety of calcium phosphates have been used for bone tissue-engineering applications. We developed porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics by firing green compacts consisting of spherical carbon beads and HAp fiber. The apatite-fiber scaffold (AFS) forms a three-dimensional network of fibers with two different pore sizes (micro- and macropores). In this study, we investigated cell distribution and fine cell structure in AFS by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Osteoblastic cells were permeated homogenously throughout the scaffold under static culture conditions and grew three-dimensionally in macropores of AFS. Cells penetrated into micropores when they were capable of cell-cell formations. Cell proliferation and differentiation were also evaluated by biochemical and molecular biological approaches. The expression levels of early-phase osteogenic genes in AFS increased immediately, and those of middle-phase genes were maintained during the 2-week study period. Furthermore, the expression of late-phase markers increased gradually during the incubation period. These data indicate that macropores provide sufficient space for cell growth and proliferation and that micropores facilitate cell differentiation via cell-cell networks. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of three-dimensional culture systems comprising AFS, which mimics the microenvironment of bone cells.