Abstract
Abstract. This paper presents a review of lunar topographic mapping in the two decades of the 21st century, including descriptions of lunar exploration missions, relevant payloads and data, mapping techniques, as well as global and regional mapping products. Various lunar photogrammetric mapping techniques such as construction of geometric models of lunar orbital images, block adjustments, shape from shading, co-registration of lunar orbital image and elevation data have been developed to process lunar orbital images and generate mapping products. Global topographic products at hectometer and decameter scales have been produced from orbital images and/or laser altimeter data. Regional topographic maps of the landing sites and other sites of interest have been generated at meter-scale using the sub-meter to meter resolution orbital images. Detailed local topographic products at centimeter to millimeter scales of the landing sites and rover traverse areas have been produced using descent images acquired by the landers and stereo images acquired by the rovers. These multiple-scale topographic mapping products have been extensively used to support various science applications, as well as engineering applications such as surface operations of the rovers.
Highlights
The first two decades of the 21st century have seen an increasing number of lunar exploration missions, including orbital missions and landed rover missions
This paper presents a review of lunar topographic mapping in the two decades of the 21st century, including descriptions of lunar exploration missions, relevant payloads and data, mapping techniques, as well as global and regional mapping products
In addition to optical images and laser altimetry data, radar data, such as images collected by Mini-SAR onboard Chandrayaan1and Mini-RF onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), were used to derive digital terrain models (DTMs) of the moon (Kirk et al, 2010)
Summary
The first two decades of the 21st century have seen an increasing number of lunar exploration missions, including orbital missions and landed rover missions. Topographic mapping is one of the fundamental tasks in most lunar exploration missions (Greeley and Batson, 1990; Kirk et al, 2008, 2012; Di et al, 2015; Naß et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2019) It is usually conducted based on photogrammetric techniques using the data acquired by orbiters, landers, and rovers at hectometer to millimeter scales. The mapping products, such as digital terrain models (DTMs) and digital orthophoto maps (DOMs), have greatly contributed to exploration and scientific research of the Moon. This paper presents a review of lunar topographic mapping in the two decades of the 21st century, including descriptions of lunar exploration missions, relevant payloads and data, mapping techniques, as well as global and regional mapping products
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