Topographic Correspondence of Contrast Echocardiographic Perfusion Mapping and Myocardial Infarct Extent After Varying Durations of Coronary Occlusion

Abstract

After acute coronary occlusion, the extent of dysfunction exceeds the extent of infarction by a variable amount. Contrast echocardiography has been shown to be a good predictor of the extent of acute infarction after permanent occlusion. We used hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography to study the temporal and topographic relationship between contrast enhancement and tissue viability during acute myocardial infarction in 32 dogs undergoing 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours of circumflex occlusion before reperfusion. To account for changes in collateral blood flow, contrast studies were performed by aortic root injection immediately before reperfusion. The area, circumference, and transmural extent of the region at risk in vivo by contrast echocardiography were statistically unchanged regardless of the duration of occlusion before reperfusion. Echo contrast defect analysis of the risk region predicted the area, circumference, and transmural extent of infarcts reperfused at 2 or more hours (r = 0:81, 0.84, 0.71, respectively). For the 1-hour occlusion group, contrast defect analysis predicted the circumference at risk but markedly overestimated the area and transmural extent of infarction. These data indicate that the circumferential extent of infarction can be identified by contrast echo and is fixed by 1 hour of occlusion. Infarction progression transmurally within the circumferential boundaries had nearly reached the transmural contrast extent by 2 hours of occlusion in this model. Assuming the development of a similar high contrast agent safe for human injection, aortic root contrast echocardiography could be useful to predict myocardium at risk of infarction early after occlusion. Late after occlusion it could be of value to predict the presence of still viable myocardial layers within the dysfunctional infarct region.