Topical ethyl chloride to reduce pain associated with venous catheterization: a randomized crossover trial

Abstract

ObjectiveTo compare pain associated with venous catheterization after administration of topical ethyl chloride vs placebo among emergency department health care providers. MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial among a convenience sample of health care provider volunteers in a tertiary care urban emergency department. We randomly allocated subjects to initial treatment (ethyl chloride vs sterile water aerosol spray) and catheterization site (left or right antecubital fossa). After venous catheterization placement and discontinuation, subjects underwent a 5-minute washout period. All subjects then underwent venous catheterization in the contralateral antecubital fossa after administration of the alternative agent. We measured all outcomes after discontinuation of the second catheter. The primary outcome was difference in pain verbal numeric rating scale score (0-10) between the 2 agents. Secondary outcomes included preferred agent (binary) and future willingness to use agent on patients (5-point Likert scale). ResultsThirty-eight health care providers were recruited; all completed the study. Median pain verbal numeric rating scale scores were 4 (interquartile range, 2-5) for placebo vs 2 (1-4) for ethyl chloride. The effect size for pain reduction with ethyl chloride compared with placebo was 2 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-2; P = .001). Most subjects (68.4%) preferred ethyl chloride to placebo. Five-point Likert scale scores measuring willingness to use preferred product on future patients were higher by 2 (95% confidence interval, 1-3) among subjects preferring ethyl chloride vs placebo. ConclusionsWe found that topical ethyl chloride yields a greater reduction in pain associated with venous catheterization compared with topical placebo.