Top Ten Most Important U.S.-Regulated and Emerging Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Camelia Kantor,Lynn Carta,Mihail Kantor,Zafar Handoo

doi:10.3390/horticulturae8030208

Camelia Kantor, Lynn Carta + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030208

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Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are important pests that cause an estimated ten billion dollars of crop loss each year in the United States and over 100 billion dollars globally. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) within the U.S. Department of Agriculture maintains and updates the U.S. Regulated Plant Pest list. Currently, the number of PPNs regulated by APHIS includes more than 60 different species. This review focuses on the top ten most economically important regulated and emerging plant-parasitic nematodes and summarizes the diagnostics of morphological and some molecular features for distinguishing them. These ten major previously described nematode species are associated with various economically important crops from around the world. This review also includes their current distribution in the U.S. and a brief historical background and updated systematic position of these species. The species included in this review include three PPNs considered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as invasive invertebrates Globodera pallida, Globodera rostochiensis, and Heterodera glycines; four regulated PPNs, namely Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Meloidogyne fallax, Ditylenchus dipsaci, and Pratylenchus fallax; and the three emerging PPNs Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne enterolobii, and Litylenchus crenatae mccannii.

Highlights

In the United States, the Department of Agriculture regulates and oversees pests and diseases, especially through the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)agency
This review focused on some quarantine, regulated, and emerging nematode pests reported on the continental U.S, which include B
The diligence and prompt measures taken by APHIS, the regulatory branch within the U.S Department of Agriculture, to contain the spread of important quarantine nematodes such as G. pallida and G. rostochiensis resulted in positive outcomes

Summary

Introduction

Meloidgyne fallax, or false Columbia root-knot nematode, is another nematode included in the APHIS U.S Regulated Plant Pest Table [1] It has a wide host range, which includes several major horticultural and agricultural crops. Meloidogyne chitwoodi is another root-knot nematode species considered as an important pathogen of economically important crops, especially potatoes It is not listed in the APHIS U.S Regulated Plant Pest Table, but it is on the lists of prohibited organisms in many other countries such as Canada, Mexico, the EU and in several countries from South. Ditylenchus dipsaci, or the stem and bulb nematode, has a worldwide distribution and is considered a quarantine pest by many countries around the world This species is listed in the APHIS U.S Regulated Plant Pest Table [1], and it has a wide host range, which includes more than 1200 species of cultivated and wild plants [25]. Distribution and has been reported from more than 20 different states (CABI-ISC, 2021) [26]

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936

Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975

Distribution

Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975

Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O’Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980

Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983

Meloidogyne fallax Karssen, 1996

Litylenchus crenatae Kanzaki et al, 2019 mccannii ssp

1.10. Pratylenchus fallax Seinforst, 1968

Findings

Conclusions and Future Prospects