Abstract
The relative impact of top-down control by herbivores and bottom-up control by environmental conditions on vegetation is a subject of debate in ecology. In this study, we hypothesize that top-down control by goose foraging and bottom-up control by sediment accretion on vegetation composition within an ecosystem can co-occur but operate at different spatial and temporal scales. We used a highly dynamic marsh system with a large population of the Greylag goose (Anser anser) to investigate the potential importance of spatial and temporal scales on these processes. At the local scale, Greylag geese grub for below-ground storage organs of the vegetation, thereby creating bare patches of a few square metres within the marsh vegetation. In our study, such activities by Greylag geese allowed them to exert top-down control by setting back vegetation succession. However, we found that the patches reverted back to the initial vegetation type within 12 years. At large spatial (i.e. several square kilometres) and temporal scales (i.e. decades), high rates of sediment accretion surpassing the rate of local sea-level rise were found to drive long-term vegetation succession and increased cover of several climax vegetation types. In summary, we conclude that the vegetation composition within this tidal marsh was primarily controlled by the bottom-up factor of sediment accretion, which operates at large spatial as well as temporal scales. Top-down control exerted by herbivores was found to be a secondary process and operated at much smaller spatial and temporal scales.
Highlights
The relative importance of top-down control by consumers versus bottom-up control by resources on primary production within ecosystems has been the subject of a long-standing debate in ecology [1,2,3,4]
P. australis is mostly limited to the eastern part of Saeftinghe near the seawall, E. atherica mainly dominates the higher elevated levees bordering creeks and B. maritimus is mainly limited to the depressions between levees
As geese prefer to feed on the below-ground tubers of B. maritimus, we considered the B. maritimus-dominated vegetation type as the original vegetation type before geese activity resulted in the bare patches
Summary
The relative importance of top-down control by consumers versus bottom-up control by resources on primary production within ecosystems has been the subject of a long-standing debate in ecology [1,2,3,4]. Both sides of the debate are supported by many studies, showing either the importance of top-down control by grazers or bottom-up control by environmental conditions on vegetation [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Even within the same ecosystem, the outcome can depend on the local environmental conditions of the study site [22,25,26] or the temporal [19,27] and spatial scale [28] that is considered
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