Abstract
Various treatment approaches for restoring missing teeth are being utilized nowadays by using artificial dental crowns/bridges or the use of dental implants. All aforementioned restorative modalities are considered to be the conventional way of treating such cases. Although these artificial therapies are commonly used for tooth loss rehabilitation, they are still less conservative, show less biocompatibility and fail to restore the natural biological and physiological function. Adding to that, they are considered to be costly due to the risk of failure and they also require regular maintenance. Regenerative dentistry is currently considered a novel therapeutic concept with high potential for a complete recovery of the natural function and esthetics of teeth. Biological-cell based dental therapies would involve replacement of teeth by using stem cells that will ultimately grow a bioengineered tooth, thereby restoring both the biological and physiological functions of the natural tooth, and are considered to be the ultimate goal in regenerative dentistry. In this review, various stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for tooth organ bioengineering will be discussed.
Highlights
Tooth loss and the outbreak of oral diseases, such as tooth decay, periodontal disease, and traumatic injury, causes significant complications for oral function, including articulation, mastication, and occlusion, along with general health issues [1]
The first approach is accomplished by associating dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) and dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) in vitro, where they form a tooth primordium that could be implanted into the alveolar bone to develop further and erupt as a functional tooth [19,40,41]
For an ideal tooth replacement bioengineering therapy, the tooth developed from a bioengineered germ or from a transplanted bioengineered mature tooth unit must be capable of being well-integrated with the recipient edentulous bone region
Summary
Tooth loss and the outbreak of oral diseases, such as tooth decay, periodontal disease, and traumatic injury, causes significant complications for oral function, including articulation, mastication, and occlusion, along with general health issues [1]. Osseo-integrated dental implants are used to restore missing teeth These artificial therapies are commonly utilized for tooth loss rehabilitation, they are still less conservative, show less biocompatibility, and fail to restore the natural biological and physiological functions. Lhx, and Barx, and secretory molecules, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [2,3] These signals induce the expression of a number of transcription factors in the dental mesenchyme that is condensed around the developing epithelial bud (bud stage). At the bell stage of development, the ameloblasts and odontoblasts form in adjacent layers at the site of interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme These layers produce the enamel and dentin of the fully formed tooth [2]
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