Abstract
One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established based on the type of disease, thereby predicting response to treatment or disease relapse. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA (immunoglobulin A) nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, along with the progressive development and standardization of plasma and urine proteomics techniques, have facilitated the identification of an increasing number of molecules that may be useful for these purposes. The growing number of studies on the role of TLR (toll-like receptor) receptors in the pathogenesis of kidney disease forces contemporary researchers to reflect on these molecules, which may soon join the group of renal biomarkers and become a helpful tool in the diagnosis of glomerulopathy. In this article, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy. The role of TLR receptors as potential marker molecules for the development of neoplastic diseases is emphasized more and more often, as prognostic factors in diseases on several epidemiological backgrounds.
Highlights
The term “biological marker” in the literature refers to the objective health status of the patient, which can be observed from the outside, i.e., in a way that can be measured in an extremely accurate and, most importantly, repeatable manner
A biomarker is defined as “any substance, structure or process that can be measured in the body or its products and that can influence or predict the occurrence of an outcome or disease” [1], which means that the modern definition of biomarkers covers every response of the body, whether functional, physiological, or biochemical, to the occurrence of a potential threat that may modify the body’s reactions at the cellular or molecular level
One of the increasing threats in today’s world is chronic kidney disease, the cause of which may be both primary processes related to the kidneys, and secondary processes observed in the course of rheumatic, cardiological, or diabetic diseases
Summary
The term “biological marker” in the literature refers to the objective health status of the patient, which can be observed from the outside, i.e., in a way that can be measured in an extremely accurate and, most importantly, repeatable manner. Epigenetic, or environmental factors that play a more or less important role in different regions of the world may lead to diseases associated with kidney glomerular damage, which leads to their chronic hypofunction and subsequent renal failure. In Europe, IgA nephropathy dominated the diagnosis, and the second most common diagnosis was FSGS (15%), while in Asia, IgA glomerulopathy included 40% of diagnoses and the second most common diagnosis was lupus nephritis (17%) [8]. All of these diseases are the subject of intensive research by many scientists around the world. The following review of the literature focuses on the problems of diseases associated with glomerular dysfunction, in which there are answers to questions about the participation in the pathogenesis of diseases on TLR, which may become a potential marker molecule
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