Abstract
Studies were made of the aquatic liverwort Scapania undulata (L.) Dum. from 21 Sudeten streams in Poland. It was found that this species, containing from 10 to 652 mg kg −1 dry weight (DW) of fluoride, grows in water with fluoride contents from traces to 0.3 ppm. According to bioassays the lethal concentration of F − (48 h LC 100) for S. undulata appeared to be 400 or 450 ppm, depending on the population the liverworts were chosen from. Exposure to 100 ppm F − during 16 days may be recognized as harmless for S. undulata. This liverwort is characterized by an ability to accumulate fluoride whereby the accumulation capacity depends on the fluoride level in the water of the growing site. This was demonstrated by an increase of 21–67% of F − in plants cultivated in water with a concentration of 250 ppm F −.
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