Abstract
This research aims to examine the use of a token economy for education sustainability. It presents a recent review and evaluation of the token economy used among young learners and learners with special needs for behavior management and learning engagement in teaching. Online articles from Google Scholar, ERIC, and UKMLibrary were used. The terms used for reviewing the articles were token economy, token systems, positive reinforcement, and rewards. The scoping review protocol was used for this study. A total of 60 relevant articles published from 2000 to 2020 were filtered and grouped into three major themes for review: behavior management, learning engagement, and types of tokens. Findings suggested that although previous research had examined the impact of a token economy on behavior management and learning engagement, there was limited research on the correlation between teaching methods and social fairness. Teachers as the main participants in assessing the effectiveness of a token economy, were also lacking. Additionally, the use of social and physical reinforcers was found to assist in obtaining the desired behaviors and learning engagement from participants, thereby enabling them to sustain learners’ interest in future lessons.
Highlights
A token economy is frequently used to monitor pupil behavior, among young learners and pupils with special needs
The implementation of a token economy in young learners appears to be from 2015 to 2020, which covered over half of the total articles analyzed
The use of a token economy in teaching is examined through this scoping review
Summary
A token economy is frequently used to monitor pupil behavior, among young learners and pupils with special needs. A token economy is thought to aid educators in controlling pupils’ disruptive behavior and is frequently utilized to attract students’. Only minimal research has been conducted on learner engagement in the use of a token economy. This scoping review provides a systematic investigation of the use of a token economy for behavior management and learner engagement in diverse classroom contexts. The implementation of a token economy in different classroom settings provides equal opportunities for learners to develop themselves. Sustainable education is related to providing equal opportunities for young learners to gain education
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