TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge

Abstract

The Neptunian desert and savanna have recently been found to be separated by a ridge, an overdensity of planets in the period range of simeq 3--5 days. These features are thought to be shaped by dynamical and atmospheric processes. However, their roles are not yet well understood. Our aim was to confirm and characterize the super-Neptune TESS candidate TOI-5005.01, which orbits a moderately bright (V = 11.8) solar-type star (G2 V) with an orbital period of 6.3 days. With these properties, TOI-5005.01 is located in the Neptunian savanna near the ridge. We used Bayesian inference to analyse 38 HARPS radial velocity measurements, three sectors of TESS photometry, and two PEST and TRAPPIST-South transits. We tested a set of models involving eccentric and circular orbits, long-term drifts, and Gaussian processes to account for correlated stellar and instrumental noise. We computed the Bayesian evidence to find the model that best represents our dataset and infer the orbital and physical properties of the system. We confirm TOI-5005 b to be a transiting super-Neptune with a radius of $R_ p oplus $ ($R_ p J $) and a mass of $M_ p oplus $ ($M_ p J $), which corresponds to a mean density of $ p g \ $. Our internal structure modelling indicates that the core mass fraction (CMF = $0.74^ $) and envelope metal mass fraction ($Z_ env $) of TOI-5005 b are degenerate, but the overall metal mass fraction is well constrained to a value slightly lower than that of Neptune and Uranus ($Z_ planet $). The $Z_ planet $/$Z_ star $ ratio is consistent with the well-known mass-metallicity relation, which suggests that TOI-5005 b was formed via core accretion. We also estimated the present-day atmospheric mass-loss rate of TOI-5005 b, but found contrasting predictions depending on the choice of photoevaporation model ($0.013 oplus $ Gyr$^ $ vs $0.17 oplus $ Gyr$^ $). At a population level, we find statistical evidence ($p$-value = $0.0092^ $) that planets in the savanna such as TOI-5005 b tend to show lower densities than planets in the ridge, with a dividing line around 1 $ g \ $, which supports the hypothesis of different evolutionary pathways populating the two regimes. TOI-5005 b is located in a region of the period-radius space that is key to studying the transition between the Neptunian ridge and the savanna. It orbits the brightest star of all such planets known today, which makes it a target of interest for atmospheric and orbital architecture observations that will bring a clearer picture of its overall evolution.