Abstract
could not be considered a priori to be normal, and thus conclusions regarding their behavior should be suspect. Indeed, because of similar concerns about foot damage in other trap-and-release studies of coyotes (Bekoff and Wells 1980), gray wolves (Kolenosky and Johnston 1969; L. D. Mech, pers. commun.), and red wolves (Canis rufus) (Carley 1980), researchers have used and recommended leg-hold traps modified to reduce injury to toes. I strongly recommend use of alternative marking techniques to toe-clipping in canids and similar carnivores.
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