Toddlers\u2019 diurnal cortisol levels affected by out-of-home, center-based childcare and at-home, guardian-supervised childcare: comparison between different caregiving contexts

Katja Tervahartiala,Juho Pelto,Linnea Karlsson,Hasse Karlsson,Sirpa Hyttinen,Linnea Karlsson,Susanna Kortesluoma,Annarilla Ahtola,Niina Junttila,Hasse Karlsson

doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01432-3

Abstract

Previous research suggests that attending non-parental out-of-home childcare is associated with elevated cortisol levels for some children. We aimed to compare diurnal saliva cortisol levels between children having out-of-home, center-based childcare or those having at-home, guardian-supervised childcare in Finland. A total of 213 children, aged 2.1 years (SD = 0.6), were drawn from the ongoing Finnish birth cohort study. Saliva samples were collected over 2 consecutive days (Sunday and Monday), with four samples drawn during each day: 30 min after waking up in the morning, at 10 am, between 2 and 3 pm, and in the evening before sleep. These results suggest that the shapes of the diurnal cortisol profiles were similar in both childcare groups following a typical circadian rhythm. However, the overall cortisol levels were on average 30% higher (95% CI: [9%, 54%], p = .004) with the at-home childcare in comparison with the out-of-home childcare group. Furthermore, a slight increase in the diurnal cortisol pattern was noticed in both groups and in both measurement days during the afternoon. This increase was 27% higher ([2%, 57%], p = .031) in the out-of-home childcare group during the out-of-home childcare day in comparison with the at-home childcare day. The elevated afternoon cortisol levels were partly explained by the afternoon naps, but there were probably other factors as well producing the cortisol rise during the afternoon hours. Further research is needed to define how a child’s individual characteristic as well as their environmental factors associate with cortisol secretion patterns in different caregiving contexts.

Highlights

The majority of children in Western societies participate in center-based, out-of-home childcare [1]
The main finding was that children displayed higher cortisol levels with out-of-home childcare compared to the days they spent at home
The present study suggests that having out-of-home, centerbased childcare is not associated with children’s elevated cortisol levels when contrasted with having at-home guardian-supervised childcare

Summary

Introduction

The majority of children in Western societies participate in center-based, out-of-home childcare [1]. In out-of-home childcare settings, young children may need to cope in a different caregiving environment; with parental separation; and with interactions with multiple adults and peer relations, which may involve emotional arousal These issues have been considered to be among the stressors affecting children’s cortisol levels in an out-of-home childcare context [6, 7]. The difference between the sexes was analyzed, but sex was not related to cortisol levels These findings are well replicated in later research studies suggesting that in the out-of-home childcare context, children have a cortisol increase from mid-morning to mid-afternoon compared to the typical decline over the course of the day in an at-home, guardian-supervised setting [9,10,11,12,13]. We used base logarithm-transformed saliva cortisol values, because the distribution of the original values was strongly positively skewed

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