Tobacco use increases risk of food insecurity: An analysis of continuous NHANES data from 1999 to 2014

Abstract

Tobacco use is a major health disparities issue in the United States; it is much more common in less-educated and lower-income groups. These groups also experience a higher prevalence of food insecurity. Previous studies analyzing the association between tobacco use and food insecurity have focused on only cigarettes. We assessed the relationship between food insecurity and use of cigarettes, alternative tobacco products (cigars, electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco), any tobacco product, and multiple tobacco products. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1999 to 2014, we built multinomial logistic regression models predicting degree of food security (i.e., food security, low food security, very low food security) for use of different tobacco product types, any product, and multiple products. After adjustment, use of any product, relative to no use, was significantly associated with increased odds of both food insecurity outcomes: low (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–1.4) and very low (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.6–2.2) food security. In a separate model, single product use, relative to no use, was significantly associated with increased odds of low (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3–1.7) and very low (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.9–2.6) food security. For multiple product use the magnitude of association was higher for very low food security (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8–4.0). The significant associations identified here can inform researchers and policymakers developing interventions to prevent tobacco- and food insecurity-related diseases. To be effective in reducing either health risk, interventions may need to target both tobacco use and food insecurity.