Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to investigate if using tobacco products (including snuff, smoking tobacco and dual-using) associates with periodontal health, education level and mortality in a Swedish cohort, hypothesizing that tobacco products affect periodontal health, associate with lower education and increase the risk of death. Method: Study cohort of 1080 subjects aged 31–40 years (528 men, 552 women) was clinically examined and interviewed in 1985 and followed for mortality until 2015. Subjects were classified into two groups: “tobacco users” and “non-users”. Associations between periodontal health parameters, tobacco products, education level and age of death were analysed. SPSS was used for analyses. Results: Tobacco products, as well as education level associated, with poor periodontal health. Tobacco users and lower education was linked to higher plaque-, calculus- and gingival-index scores than non-users (p < 0.001). They also had significantly higher prevalence of deep periodontal pockets (≥5 mm) (p < 0.001 and 0.010, respectively), missing teeth (p = 0.010 and 0.003, respectively) and lower education level (p < 0.001) compared with non-users. However, tobacco product users did not die significantly earlier than non-users. Conclusion: Tobacco products had a negative impact on periodontal health. Tobacco product users were less educated. However, using tobacco products may not cause premature death.
Highlights
Periodontal health is a state free from inflammatory periodontal disease, where subgingival microbial organisms coexist in a harmony
Periodontal health can be determined as lack of histological or anatomical evidence of periodontal inflammation in periodontium
When the balance of microbiota is disturbed, the host immune and inflammatory response induces progression of periodontal disease [1], which can lead to a chronic periodontitis, where pocket regression is one of the signs [2]
Summary
Periodontal health is a state free from inflammatory periodontal disease, where subgingival microbial organisms coexist in a harmony. When the balance of microbiota is disturbed, the host immune and inflammatory response induces progression of periodontal disease [1], which can lead to a chronic periodontitis, where pocket regression is one of the signs [2]. The aim of this study is to investigate if using tobacco products (including snuff, smoking tobacco and dual-using) associates with periodontal health, education level and mortality in a Swedish cohort, hypothesizing that tobacco products affect periodontal health, associate with lower education and increase the risk of death. Associations between periodontal health parameters, tobacco products, education level and age of death were analysed. Tobacco product users did not die significantly earlier than non-users
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