Abstract
The aim of the study is to observe retrospectively the correlation between Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and risk factors; including tobacco, alcohol and Family History of Cancer (FHC). A total of 478 patients were included retrospectively from the database of the Department of Oral Sciences and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome. A Test Group (TG) consisted of 239 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OSCC. A Control Group (CG) consisted of 239 patients without history and/or diagnosis of oral cancer. The logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted Odd Ratios (ORs) associated with alcohol, tobacco and FHC; including the General Family History of Cancer (GFHC) and Family History of Head and Neck Cancer (FHHNC) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The high rate of tobacco consumption was associated with an OR of 1.035 (95% CI 1.001–1.070) and a statistical significance (p = 0.041). Drinker patients showed a significant risk of developing OSCC (p = 0.05) and the OR was 1.035 (95% CI 1.010–1.061). The GFHC was associated with a marginal risk of OSCC with an OR of 1.095 (95% CI 0.953–1.259), without significance (p = 0.199). The FHHNC showed a notable risk increase with an OR of 1.871 (95% CI 0.902–3.882), without significance (p = 0.092). Alcohol and tobacco may be associated with an increase in the risk of OSCC.
Highlights
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of lip and oral cancers
The high rate of tobacco consumption (>40 pack years) showed an associated risk with Odd Ratios (ORs) of 1.035 and statistical significance (p = 0.041) where the risk increased with patients with high rate of tobacco consumption (>40 pack years)
The General Family History of Cancer (GFHC) was associated with a marginal risk of OSCC with an OR of 1.095, without significance (p = 0.199) (Table 5)
Summary
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of lip and oral cancers. OSCC is considered the twelfth most prevalent cancer worldwide. As one of the Head and Neck Cancers (HNCs) subtypes, is considered the 16th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide in both sexes. In 2018, the annual estimated number of incident cases with oral and lip cancer was 354,864 cases worldwide and 3967 cases in Italy. The annual estimated number of deaths due to oral and lip cancer was 177,384 cases worldwide and 1489 cases in Italy [1,2,3,4]. It has been suggested to consider HNCs as complex multifactorial disorders [5]. Since cancer cells show genetic damage (e.g., gene mutations) that may be resulted from exposure to carcinogens, it is recommended to study different carcinogens and to understand the associated risk factors in order to plan preventive and management measures of this disease [6,7]
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