To Unfold the Immigrant Paradox: Maltreatment Risk and Mental Health of Racial-Ethnic Minority Children.

Liwei Zhang,Ai Bo,Wenhua Lu

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.619164

Abstract

Children of immigrants are often considered to be at increased risk of mental health problems due to families' immigration-related stress and perceived discrimination and prejudice from the host country. However, many studies found them to have better developmental outcomes than children with native-born parents in the U.S. This study aims to unfold this paradoxical phenomenon using data from a population-based cohort of children born in large U.S. cities. Specifically, we investigated differences in mental health outcomes between children of immigrants and those with native-born parents, stratified by children's race-ethnicity. We also explored the mediating role of child maltreatment risk in the association of parental nativity status and race-ethnicity with children's mental health. Our findings supported the immigrant paradox, with better self-reported and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing outcomes in Hispanic and Black children of immigrants than their same race-ethnicity peers and White children of native-born. Such immigrant-native variations were partially explained by parents' physically and psychologically abusive behaviors. Hispanic and Black children with immigrant parents were less likely to be physically or psychologically abused than their peers of native-born at ages 4–5, which translated into mental health advantages of children of immigrants at age 9. Our findings shed light on future research to further clarify the mechanism underlying different parenting practices between same race-ethnicity immigrants and native-born families so that culturally responsive interventions can be developed to safeguard racial-ethnic minority children's mental health.

Highlights

In the United States (U.S.), immigration has played an essential role in shaping and reshaping the racial-ethnic diversity of children and adolescents
Sociodemographic Characteristics We considered a rich set of child and family characteristics as control variables that may influence the relationship between race-ethnicity, parental nativity status, child maltreatment, and children’s mental health outcomes as identified in prior work such as by Berger [40]
Our results indicate that children of immigrants had a lower risk of physical assault and psychological aggression, comparable neglect score, better parent-reported externalizing, and better self-reported internalizing and externalizing behavior scores than their peers of native-born

Summary

Introduction

In the United States (U.S.), immigration has played an essential role in shaping and reshaping the racial-ethnic diversity of children and adolescents. The Black immigrant population has Mental Health of Racial-Ethnic Minority Children increased rapidly over the past two decades, with black immigrants and their children making up about one-fifth of the U.S Black population [3]. Children of immigrants, compared to their peers of native-born parents (hereafter, peers of nativeborns), might be vulnerable to mental health issues due to multiple risk factors associated with immigration, such as poverty, discrimination related to language barriers and documentation status, prejudice, and social isolation [4]. We seek to unfold this paradoxical phenomenon by investigating mental health outcomes of Black and Hispanic children of immigrants compared to their peers of native-borns. We further examine the mediating role of child maltreatment risk in the association of parental nativity status and race-ethnicity with children’s mental health

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion