Abstract
BackgroundWellens’ syndrome is known to be associated with left anterior descending artery occlusion that could lead to an extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction. Thus, emergency cardiac catheterization is needed. However, during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is recommended for hemodynamically stable acute coronary syndrome patients with COVID-19 infection to be treated conservatively in an isolated hospital ward.Case presentationWe report an 85-year-old patient with chief complaints of typical, squeezing chest pain in the past 4 h. The patient had a high fever, dyspnea, sore throat, and fatigue for 3 days. He had previously come into contact with COVID-19 positive relatives. The patient was hemodynamically stable and pulmonary auscultation revealed coarse rales in the entire lung. Electrocardiography (ECG) evaluation during the pain episode showed non-specific ST-T changes in lead V2-V5. After sublingual nitrate was administered, ECG evaluation during the pain-free period revealed a biphasic T wave inversion in lead V2 and V3. Laboratory workup showed elevated cardiac marker and leucopenia with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Rapid immunochromatographic test and initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) evaluation from nasopharyngeal swab showed negative results. However, radiographic evaluations suggest the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. While waiting for the second RT-PCR evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with Wellens’ syndrome with suspected COVID-19 infection. The patient was treated conservatively according to national guidelines and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization. On the third day, the patient felt better and insisted on being discharged home. Ten days after discharged, the patient died of myocardial infarction.ConclusionEmergency cardiac catheterization should be done for patient with Wellens’ syndrome, regardless of the COVID-19 infection status.
Highlights
Wellens’ syndrome is known to be associated with left anterior descending artery occlusion that could lead to an extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction
Past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension was denied. He had a history of contact with one of his relatives who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) evaluation
Because the patient was categorized as high-risk Non-STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) with high neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio and suspected with COVID-19 infection, the patient was treated conservatively in the intensive care unit (ICU) isolation ward while waiting for the early elective cardiac catheterization
Summary
Wellens’ syndrome was first reported in 1982 and is known to be associated with left anterior descending (LAD) artery occlusion. Past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension was denied He had a history of contact with one of his relatives who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) evaluation. Because the patient was categorized as high-risk NSTEMI (high GRACE score but with stable hemodynamic) with high neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio and suspected with COVID-19 infection, the patient was treated conservatively in the intensive care unit (ICU) isolation ward while waiting for the early elective cardiac catheterization. The patient insisted on being discharged and refused to be referred for early elective cardiac catheterization because he already felt better The patient and his family signed the consent form to be discharged home despite the high chance of myocardial infarction in the near future. Due to the limited facilities in the other hospital, the patient did not undergo coronary angiography
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