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Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to identify the myocardial changes in severely malnourished children. This prospective, observational study, conducted for a period of 1 year, enrolled 200 children (120 males and 80 females) between 6 months and 5 years of age with severe protein-energy malnutrition, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. The parents were duly informed, the study was explained and written consent was obtained. A random selection of cases was carried out, and they were further divided into five groups according to their age as follows: <1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5 years. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were taken at the time of admission for all the cases and the control group and were taken again after nutritional therapy either at the time of discharge or after a fortnight. The differences were then compared. On admission, 32% of cases had flat P-wave, out of which 75% reverted to normal with therapy. Similarly, 84% of cases had increased corrected QT interval at the time of admission. ST segment was depressed only in 8% of cases. 88% of cases had altered (flat to depressed) T wave at the time of admission. With the help of nutritional supplementation, all these abnormalities were back to a normal level at the time of discharge. Electrocardiographic changes may be of help in assessing the severity and prognosis of severe acute malnutrition. The reversibility of ECG changes with dietary treatment suggests that the cardiac changes are not permanent in nature and may not affect adult life if the malnutrition is corrected. The cardiac status as denoted by heart rate remained the same even after a fortnight, suggesting that prolonged therapy and assessment of cardiac status is warranted even after fortnight therapy.
Highlights
Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) affects tissue protein throughout the body and causes pronounced wasting of skeletal muscles
The study sample consisted of 200 cases (120 male children and 80 female children, who were admitted during the study period of 1 year) of severe PEM according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO)
All the children in the control group had normal P wave. This indicates that there was a decrease in amplitude of P wave in few cases due to malnutrition, which may be corrected with nutritional supplementation
Summary
Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) affects tissue protein throughout the body and causes pronounced wasting of skeletal muscles. Other changes include myocardial fiber atrophy with variations in fiber size, vacuolations within the cells, fading of the striations, and changes in nuclei. These changes are mostly found in the left ventricle and the conducting tissue. PEM is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the pediatric population in developing countries [4]. It is prevalent in the Rewa district of India having a high incidence of low birth weight babies, low literacy rate, and poverty. An attempt has been made in this study to analyze the cases of severe PEM, especially with regard to electrocardiographic changes, and to correlate these changes in relation to the clinical picture and cardiac status
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