TMEM16F/ANO6, a Ca2+-activated anion channel, is negatively regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and intracellular MgATP

Abstract

Anoctamin 6 (ANO6/TMEM16F) is a recently identified membrane protein that has both phospholipid scramblase activity and anion channel function activated by relatively high [Ca2+]i. In addition to the low sensitivity to Ca2+, the activation of ANO6 Cl− conductance is very slow (>3–5 min to reach peak level at 10 μM [Ca2+]i), with subsequent inactivation. In a whole-cell patch clamp recording of ANO6 current (IANO6,w-c), disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin-D (cytoD) significantly accelerated the activation kinetics, while actin filament-stabilizing agents (phalloidin and jasplakinolide) commonly inhibited IANO6,w-c. Inside-out patch clamp recording of ANO6 (IANO6,i-o) showed immediate activation by raising [Ca2+]i. We also found that intracellular ATP (3 mM MgATP in pipette solution) decelerated the activation of IANO6,w-c, and also prevented the inactivation of IANO6,w-c. However, the addition of cytoD still accelerated both activation and inactivation of IANO6,w-c. We conclude that the actin cytoskeleton and intracellular ATP play major roles in the Ca2+-dependent activation and inactivation of IANO6,w-c, respectively.