Abstract

ObjectivesThe formation of biofilm around implants, which is induced by immediate bacterial colonization after installation, is the primary cause of post-operation infection. Initial surface modification is usually required to incorporate antibacterial agents on titanium (Ti) surfaces to inhibit biofilm formation. However, simple and effective priming methods are still lacking for the development of an initial functional layer as a base for subsequent coatings on titanium surfaces. The purpose of our work was to establish a novel initial layer on Ti surfaces using phase-transited lysozyme (PTL), on which multilayer coatings can incorporate silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) via a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique.MethodsIn this study, the surfaces of Ti substrates were primed by dipping into a mixture of lysozyme and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) to obtain PTL-functionalized Ti substrates. The subsequent alternating coatings of HA and chitosan loaded with AgNP onto the precursor layer of PTL were carried out via LbL self-assembly to construct multilayer coatings on Ti substrates.ResultsThe results of SEM and XPS indicated that the necklace-like PTL and self-assembled multilayer were successfully immobilized on the Ti substrates. The multilayer coatings loaded with AgNP can kill planktonic and adherent bacteria to 100% during the first 4 days. The antibacterial efficacy of the samples against planktonic and adherent bacteria achieved 65%-90% after 14 days. The sustained release of Ag over 14 days can prevent bacterial invasion until mucosa healing. Although the AgNP-containing structure showed some cytotoxicity, the toxicity can be reduced by controlling the Ag release rate and concentration.ConclusionsThe PTL priming method provides a promising strategy for fabricating long-term antibacterial multilayer coatings on titanium surfaces via the LbL self-assembly technique, which is effective in preventing implant-associated infections in the early stage.

Highlights

  • Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are currently considered to be the most widely used biomaterials for dental implants because of their superior biocompatibility and excellent physicochemical properties [1]

  • The results of SEM and XPS indicated that the necklace-like phase-transited lysozyme (PTL) and self-assembled multilayer were successfully immobilized on the Ti substrates

  • The multilayer coatings loaded with AgNP can kill planktonic and adherent bacteria to 100% during the first 4 days

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Summary

Introduction

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are currently considered to be the most widely used biomaterials for dental implants because of their superior biocompatibility and excellent physicochemical properties [1]. Recent studies have estimated that 65% of nosocomial infections are associated with biofilm, which has an enormous impact on medical therapies [3]. Peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis are generally difficult to manage owing to the long duration of antibiotic therapy and repeated surgical procedures [4]. The formation of biofilm on the surfaces of implants following by bacteria adhesion is the primary cause of infections of the mucosa and bone adjacent to the implant [5]. The biofilm makes the bacteria more invasive and competitive against the host defenses and presents difficulties for antibacterial treatments [7]. Establishing long-term antibacterial coatings on the surfaces of titanium implants to inhibit biofilm formation is of prime importance in the prevention of implant-associated infections

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