Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have some limitations, such as their low surface area, high bandgap energy, and low recycling ability. To overcome these limitations, TiO2 can be prepared in microscale/macroscale structures. TiO2 microscale structures, in comparison with TiO2 nanopowder, have higher surface areas, more tunable pore structures, and better top photocatalytic activity. In contrast, for TiO2 macroscale structures, although the surface area is lower than TiO2 nanopowder in many cases, they still achieve similar or better photocatalytic performance due to their unique properties. Moreover, both TiO2 microscale and macroscale structures can be easily recovered from reaction media. The difference between these two types of TiO2 structures is a function not only of size but also of the preparation process. Every type of TiO2 structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, as will be discussed further in the following pages. Future perspectives on this research field also will be discussed.
Highlights
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely applied in various areas, such as wastewater treatment, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), lithium-ion batteries, chemical sensing, hydrogen production, antimicrobial applications, and cosmetics [1,2,3,4]
The results showed that the resultant ethanediamine (EN)-modified TiO2 ceramics can prevent the growth of undesirable TiO2 particles, as well as the transformation of the anatase to the rutile phase, even at 800 ◦C
The Fe2O3/TiO2 ceramics sintered at 880 ◦C (FTC-880) showed high photocatalytic activity for the removal of methylene blue (MB) under both UV and visible light
Summary
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely applied in various areas, such as wastewater treatment, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), lithium-ion batteries (electrodes), chemical sensing, hydrogen production, antimicrobial applications, and cosmetics [1,2,3,4]. The limitations of the large energy bandgap and the fast recombination of electron–hole pairs can be overcome by different strategies, such as coupling with a narrower bandgap semiconductor, doping or co-doping with metal or non-metal ions, surface sensitization by metal complexes or organic dyes, deposition of noble metals, surface fluorination, and surface sulfation [35]. Another limitation is related to the low recycling utility of TiO2 NPs, which could result in secondary pollution problems [36]. One remarkable reason is their ease in directing exposure to light sources [34,54]
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