Abstract
The increasing need for novel bone replacement materials has been driving numerous studies on modifying their surface to stimulate osteogenic cells expansion and to accelerate bone tissue regeneration. The goal of the presented study was to optimize the production of titania-based bioactive materials with high porosity and defined nanostructure, which supports the cell viability and growth. We have chosen to our experiments TiO2 nanofibers, produced by chemical oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy. Fibrous nanocoatings were characterized structurally (X-ray diffraction (XRD)) and morphologically (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). The wettability of the coatings and their mechanical properties were also evaluated. We have investigated the direct influence of the modified titanium alloy surfaces on the survival and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs). In parallel, proliferation of bone tissue cells—human osteoblasts MG-63 and connective tissue cells - mouse fibroblasts L929, as well as cell viability in co-cultures (osteoblasts/ADSCs and fibroblasts/ADSCs has been studied. The results of our experiments proved that among all tested nanofibrous coatings, the amorphous titania-based ones were the most optimal scaffolds for the integration and proliferation of ADSCs, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts. Thus, we postulated these scaffolds to have the osteopromotional potential. However, from the co-culture experiments it can be concluded that ADSCs have the ability to functionalize the initially unfavorable surface, and make it suitable for more specialized and demanding cells.
Highlights
The wide use of long-term implants in various fields of medicine is associated with an increasing demand for bone replacement materials to reconstruct the function of bone tissues and their rapid and effective healing [1,2,3,4,5]
Applying the direct oxidation method of Ti6Al4V foil surface led to the formation of titanium dioxide coatings, which consist of nanofibers (TNFs)
Analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a close relationship between the applied heating way (in an incubator (TNF4S-10S) or under a reflux condenser (TNF4C-10C), the time of the process, and morphology of formed TNF coatings (Figure 1)
Summary
The wide use of long-term implants in various fields of medicine is associated with an increasing demand for bone replacement materials to reconstruct the function of bone tissues and their rapid and effective healing [1,2,3,4,5]. One of the ways to improve the osseointegration of titanium/titanium alloys implants is the modification of their surface by the fabrication of oxide coatings with a specific structure, architecture, and physicochemical properties. One of the effective methods leading to the formation of a bioactive surface material is the use of the chemical oxidation process [22,23]. The most common chemical procedures include acid, alkaline, H2O2, heat, and passivation treatments [24,25] They are carried out in order to remove native oxides and impurities from the surface. This method may lead to obtaining layers with increased biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bone conductivity [23,25]. It can be expected that the longer the process is carried out, the rougher the layer will become [26]
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