Titanate nanotubes produced from microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis: Photocatalytic and structural properties

Abstract

Titanate nanotubes were successfully synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method from commercial TiO2-anatase powder. Several samples were obtained at varying temperatures and time. Powder samples containing titanate nanotube (Na2Ti6O13) single phase were obtained at 130°C for 4h and 150°C for 2h, demonstrating the kinetics dependence of reaction temperature. Through XRD analysis and electron diffraction pattern, the nanotube structures were found to be composed of a short range ordering, thus giving rise to a broad XRD peak profile. The higher time and temperature (150°C for 4h) led to the formation of more organized structures. The nanotubes UV–vis spectra showed a band gap of 3.90eV and a shoulder on the curve which led to another band gap value 3.25eV. The photoluminescence spectrum emission peak presented a significant decrease, indicating the reduction of surface or structural defects of titanate nanotubes due to longer hydrothermal treatment duration. All structural, electronics and morphologics transformation led to an improvement on photocatalytic activities for nanotubes, especially the sample obtained at 150°C for 1h that rate of decolorization is 0.01879min−1, 2.25 times faster than TiO2-anatase (starting phase).