Tissue regeneration and gut microbiota-skeletal muscle axis via microRNAs and nutrition: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: In the scenario of muscle regeneration in athletes, maintenance of skeletal muscle function is the prerequisite for tissue homeostasis and increased performance. MicroRNAs play a positive role in expanding our understanding of the controlling factors for skeletal muscle function. Recent progress has been made regarding gut microbiota, regenerative nutrition, and skeletal muscle metabolism. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the main relations of regeneration of skeletal muscle-gut microbiota through nutrological functions, cells, and microRNAs. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from February to April 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 217 articles were found. A total of 97 articles were fully evaluated and 49 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 54 studies at high risk of bias and 34 studies that did not meet the GRADE. It was concluded that miRNAs are widely present in skeletal muscle and play an irreplaceable tuning role in the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, development, and other physiological processes of skeletal muscle cells. The proposal that miRNAs are primarily involved in the cell's stress response makes miRNAs ideal for mediating the skeletal muscle response to changes in contractile activity. Research has accumulated evidence that confirms that miRNAs have played an important regulatory role in cell proliferation and differentiation, thus regulating skeletal muscle growth as highlighted in the small intestine by intestinal stem cells (LGR5+). The ketogenic or high-glucose diet regulates the self-renewal balance of LGR5+. Self-renewal and HSC differentiation can be regulated by manipulating vitamin C, A, or D levels and valine restriction. The composition of each athlete's microbiome influences sports performance.