Abstract
ABSTRACTPost-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed standard feed with added 2 or 6 mg kg–1 pure deoxynivalenol (DON), 0.8 or 2.4 mg kg–1 pure ochratoxin A (OTA), or no added toxins for up to 8 weeks. The experiments were performed in duplicate tanks with 25 fish each per diet group, and the feed was given for three 2-h periods per day. After 3, 6 and 8 weeks, 10 fish from each diet group were sampled. In the following hours after the last feeding at 8 weeks, toxin elimination was studied by sampling three fish per diet group at five time points. Analysis of DON and OTA in fish tissues and plasma was conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, respectively. DON was distributed to the liver, kidney, plasma, muscle, skin and brain, and the concentrations in liver and muscle increased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks of exposure to the high-DON diet. After the last feeding at 8 weeks, DON concentration in liver reached a maximum at 1 h and decreased thereafter with a half-life (t1/2) of 6.2 h. DON concentration in muscle reached a maximum at 6 h and was then eliminated with a t1/2 = 16.5 h. OTA was mainly found in liver and kidney, and the concentration in liver decreased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks in the high-OTA group. OTA was eliminated faster than DON from various tissues. By using Norwegian food consumption data and kinetic findings in this study, we predicted the human exposure to DON and OTA from fish products through carryover from the feed. Following a comparison with tolerable daily intakes, we found the risk to human health from the consumption of salmon-fed diets containing maximum recommended levels of these toxins to be negligible.
Highlights
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins that may affect both animal and human health
Some uncertainty remains regarding the distribution of DON in adult salmon in comparison with the post-smolts used in this study, the present findings indicate that consumption of farmed salmon fed diets containing cereals is unlikely to contribute significantly to the total human exposure to DON
Human exposure to OTA via the consumption of salmon fed with OTA-contaminated feed is most likely negligible
Summary
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins that may affect both animal and human health. Feed ingredients of plant origin, including cereals, are increasingly used in fish farming, and DON and OTA have been shown to occur in such ingredients and in fish feed (Pietsch et al 2013; VKM 2013; Nácher-Mestre et al 2015; Sanden et al.2015). The shift from marine to more plant-based feeds introduces new potential contaminants that before have not been associated with the farming of marine fish species such as Atlantic salmon (Nácher-Mestre et al 2015). In this context two issues are important: possible adverse effects in the fish and carryover to fish products consumed by humans
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
