Tissue distribution and activity studies of 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D 2, a metabolite of vitamin D 2 with low calcemic activity in vivo

Abstract

The active vitamin D compound 1α,24( S)-dihydroxyvitamin D 2 (1,24(OH) 2D 2) is under development as a therapy for disorders including cancer and secondary hyperparathyroidism. 1,24(OH) 2D 2 is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in vitro and, relative to calcitriol (1,25(OH) 2D 3), has reduced calcemic activity in vivo. To examine the mechanisms underlying this reduced calcemic activity, we studied the tissue distribution in rats of radiolabeled 1,24(OH) 2D 2 or 1,25(OH) 2D 3 over 24 h. Serum levels of 1,24(OH) 2D 2 were lower than those of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 at all time points; however, tissue levels of radiolabeled compounds followed different patterns. In duodenum and kidney, 1,24(OH) 2D 2 and 1,25(OH) 2D 3 rose to similar levels at early time points; 1,24(OH) 2D 2 levels then declined more rapidly. In bone marrow, 1,24(OH) 2D 2 and 1,25(OH) 2D 3 were present at similar levels at all time points. In liver, 1,24(OH) 2D 2 levels were two-fold higher than 1,25(OH) 2D 3 at 1 h post-injection, declining to similar levels by 8 h. In vitamin D-deficient rats, doses of 1,24(OH) 2D 2 30-fold higher than 1,25(OH) 2D 3 were required to produce equal stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption. In the same deficient animals, 1,24(OH) 2D 2 and 1,25(OH) 2D 3 were nearly equipotent at stimulating bone calcium mobilization. In cultured bone cells, 1,24(OH) 2D 2 and 1,25(OH) 2D 3 were equipotent at stimulating osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In summary, the reduced calcemic activity of 1,24(OH) 2D 2 may result from altered pharmacokinetics relative to 1,25(OH) 2D 3, resulting in relatively rapid decreases in 1,24(OH) 2D 2 levels and activity in target organs such as intestine. Further studies will be necessary to confirm these findings and to confirm the clinical utility of 1,24(OH) 2D 2.