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Abstract
Through electrostatic interaction and high-temperature reduction methods, rGO was closely coated onto the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Even at a high temperature of 700 °C, the nanotube morphology of TiO2 (anatase) was preserved because of the assistance of rGO, which provides a framework that prevents the tubes from breaking into particles and undergoing a phase transformation. The rGO/TiO2 nanotubes deliver a high capacity (263 mAh g−1 at the end of 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate performance (151 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 102 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1), and good cycle stability (206 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1). These characteristics arise from the GO/TiO2 nanotubes’ advanced structure. First, the closely coated rGO and Ti3+ in the tubes give rise to a high electro-conductivity of the nanotubes. Additionally, the Li+ ions can rapidly transfer into the electrode via the nanotubes’ empty inner diameter and short tube wall.
Highlights
With increasing development of electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and wind/solar energy, more stringent requirements are being placed on Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as the stationary energy storage devices for these techologies[1,2,3]
The small volume change of this material leads to good long-term cycling stability, and the high working voltage results in a small irreversible capacity and high safety by avoiding the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers
The TiO2 mesocrystals/reduced graphene oxide synthesized by Wei et al.[20] was reported to deliver 150 mAh g−1 at 20C after 1000 cycles
Summary
With increasing development of electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and wind/solar energy, more stringent requirements are being placed on Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as the stationary energy storage devices for these techologies[1,2,3]. Graphene can lead to high capacity and good rate performance, depending on their special structures, because of the flexibility of graphene and the rich morphology of TiO2. To wrap reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the surface of the titanate nanotubes, electrostatic interactions[28] and high-temperature reduction methods were used, as described in detail in the Experimental section.
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