TiO2 nanoparticles and C-Nanofibers modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres (TiO2@Fe3O4@C–NF): A multifunctional hybrid material for magnetic solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen and photocatalytic degradation of drug molecules and azo dye

Abstract

Accurate sensitive analysis of drug ingredient substances in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental samples and removal of drug ingredient substances in environmental samples owngreat importance for sustaining viability. The realization of these processes using a single material offers significant advantages in terms of cost, time and ease of use. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles and C-Nanofibers modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres (TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs) synthesized as a multifunctional material employing a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. This innovative material was exploited in the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method for the preconcentration of ibuprofen and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and azo dye. To our knowledge, no studies have been previously conducted using the same material as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent and magnetically separable photocatalyst. The characterization of TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs was carried out by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and Raman techniques. The main analytical parameters affecting MSPE performance of ibuprofen such as pH, sorbent amount eluent type and volume and sample volume were optimized. The optimum values of the method were determined at the following parameters: pH 4.0, adsorbent amount 150 mg and eluent 2 mL of acetone. Ibuprofen analysis after MSPE was carried out using a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection system (HPLC-DAD). The photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of TiO2@Fe3O4@C–NF hybrid material for probe-analytes reached 80–100% and the complete degradation attained within the range of 8–125 min under UV irradiation. Simple preparation, practical isolation from solutions, high efficiency, reproducibility, and sustainability are the main advantages of the TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs for MSPE and photocatalytic degradation applications.