Abstract
The photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a promising antitumor therapy technique is greatly hampered by the low tissue penetration of light and the photothermal effect of prolonged irradiation. Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (NPLNPs) possess the potential for application in next-generation PDT. However, owing to the low re-excitation efficiency of NPLNPs in deep tissue, the current PDT nanoplatform based on NPLNPs is faced with the disadvantage of decreased PDT efficiency induced by persistent luminescence (PersL) decay at the lesion site. Herein, NPLNPs, Zn1.3Ga1.4Sn0.3O4:Cr3+ (ZGS), with small particle sizes and excellent optical properties are synthesized via a simple acetylacetonate combustion method. The ZGS can be repeatedly excited by the biological window (659 nm) light to produce a strong NIR (700 nm) PersL. The response efficiency of ZGS to the wavelength in the biological window has been greatly improved by doping Sn4+ into the ZnGa2O4 matrix, which is 55 times higher than that of traditional ZnGa2O4:Cr3+. We further develop a PDT nanoplatform by modifying a photosensitizer on its surface. The PDT experiments show that the developed nanoplatform can achieve continuous and efficient tumor PDT with a depth of up to 3 cm by repeated excitation using a 659 nm LED. The NPLNPs largely solve the problem of the low re-excitation efficiency after NIR PersL decay of traditional NPLNPs in deep tissue applications and will further promote the application of NIR PLNPs in the biomedical field.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a promising treatment method in the field of anticancer therapy owing to its minimal invasiveness, repeatability without cumulative toxicity, and specific spatiotemporal selectivity.[1−3] PDT depends on the intracellular singlet oxygen (1O2) induced by the photochemical reactions of photosensitizers (PSs).[4]
Because light at 980 nm is strongly absorbed by water in the body, overheating in PDT is difficult to ignore.[9−11] the upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) excited by light at 808 nm exhibit less overheating than those excited by light at 980 nm, continuous excitation with a high-power laser in the process of PDT still cannot completely eliminate overheating and tissue damage
We synthesized a novel NIR persistent luminescence nanoparticles (NPLNPs) with a small particle size and excellent optical properties via a simple acetylacetonate combustion method in a short time and at a low temperature
Summary
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a promising treatment method in the field of anticancer therapy owing to its minimal invasiveness, repeatability without cumulative toxicity, and specific spatiotemporal selectivity.[1−3] PDT depends on the intracellular singlet oxygen (1O2) induced by the photochemical reactions of photosensitizers (PSs).[4]. NIR persistent luminescence nanoparticles (NPLNPs) may open new doors for a new generation of PDT. NPLNPs are emerging biofluorescent probes that have great advantages in high-sensitivity biosensing and bioimaging.[12−17] Among the various NPLNPs, Cr3+-doped gallatebased NPLNPs (ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ and Zn3Ga2Ge2O10:Cr3+) have received extensive attention from researchers in bioimaging due to their excellent NIR persistent luminescence (PersL) property.[18−20] The PersL of NPLNPs can last for hours or even days after the irradiation is stopped.[21−23] This unique
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