Timing of leaf fall and changes in litter nutrient concentration compromise estimates of nutrient fluxes and nutrient resorption efficiency

Abstract

Nutrient resorption in the canopy and return to soil with litterfall are two major nutrient processes in forested ecosystems. However, leaf-fall phenology and seasonal dynamics of canopy nutrient concentration have not been comprehensively quantified, compromising the confidence in estimates of litterfall nutrient fluxes and nutrient resorption efficiency. Here, we used high-frequency litter collections for 28 species in nine plots for a temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in northeastern China. Based on leaf-fall phenology and temporal shifts in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaf litter for major tree species, we quantified the errors in canopy nutrient flux and resorption efficiency for 15 species and nine plots. The day of year (DOY) of start of leaf-fall, DOY of peak leaf-fall, and the length of leaf-fall period differed dramatically among tree species. Concentrations of N and P in leaf litter usually declined during the summer and autumn seasons. Annual nutrient fluxes in total canopy litterfall at the ecosystem level were 65.70 ± 6.14 kg N ha−1 and 4.70 ± 0.80 kg P ha−1 of which leaf litterfall accounted for 78 and 76%, respectively. The N (NRE) and P (PRE) resorption efficiencies at the ecosystem level calculated based on the percentage of nutrient pool resorbed from canopy leaves were 49.8 ± 3.9 and 48.0 ± 7.1%, respectively. Calculating nutrient fluxes with species-specific nutrient concentration at the DOY of peak leaf-fall (Nupeak) underestimated N and P fluxes by an average of 11 and 14%; the corresponding errors in N and P fluxes estimated using plot-specific Nupeak were –5 and –7%. In addition, NRE and PRE for major species based on Nupeak were overestimated by an average of 9 and 12%, and those for nine plots by 11 and 17%; using plot-specific Nupeak lowered mean errors in NRE and PRE to 10 and 11%. These results indicate that estimating canopy nutrient fluxes and resorption efficiency using litterfall collected at the DOY of peak leaf-fall can lead to non-negligible errors, and species-specific combined litterfall collected at and slightly before the DOY of peak leaf-fall may be a better metric for estimating nutrient flux and resorption efficiency at both species and ecosystem scales.