Timing of Initiation of Acute Stroke Rehabilitation and Management Corresponding to Complications at Primary Stroke Centers in Japan: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey

Abstract

Introduction: Many guidelines now recommend early rehabilitation for acute stroke patients. However, evidence remains lacking regarding the specific timings for initiation of various rehabilitation steps and management when complications are encountered in acute stroke rehabilitation. This survey aimed to investigate actual clinical situations in acute stroke rehabilitation in Japan and to improve the medical systems for rehabilitation and plan further studies. Methods: This nationwide, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire survey was administered between February 7, 2022, and April 21, 2022, targeting all primary stroke centers (PSCs) in Japan. Among several components of the survey, this paper focused on the timing of the initiation of three rehabilitation steps (passive bed exercise; head elevation; and out-of-bed mobilization), along with the management of rehabilitation (continued or suspended) in the event of complications during acute stroke rehabilitation. We also investigated the influence of facility features on these contents. Results: Responses were obtained from 639 of the 959 PSCs surveyed (response rate: 66.6%). In cases of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, most PSCs initiated passive bed exercise on day 1, head elevation on day 1, and out-of-bed mobilization on day 2 (with day of admission defined as day 1). In cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage, rehabilitation steps were delayed compared to other stroke subtypes or showed wide variation depending on the facility. Passive bed exercise was accelerated by the presence of protocols for rehabilitation and weekend rehabilitation. Out-of-bed mobilization was accelerated by the presence of a stroke care unit. Facilities with board-certified rehabilitation doctors were cautious regarding the initiation of head elevation. Most PSCs suspended rehabilitation training in the event of symptomatic systemic/neurological complications. Conclusion: Our survey revealed the actual situation of acute stroke rehabilitation in Japan and indicated that some facility features appear to influence early increases in physical activity levels and early mobilization. Our survey provides fundamental data to improve the medical systems for acute stroke rehabilitation in the future.