Abstract
BackgroundCarbohydrate ingestion during exercise is known to attenuate exercise-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 concentration. However, the influence of timing of carbohydrate ingestion remains unclear.PurposeThe present study investigated the influence of different timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a simulated soccer game on exercise performance, metabolic and inflammatory responses.MethodsSeven active males performed 3 exercise trials in a randomized order. The exercise consisted of two consecutive bouts of 45 min running (4–16 km/h), separated with 15 min rest period between bouts. The subjects ingested carbohydrate gel (1.0 g/kg) immediately before the first bout of exercise (ONE), immediately before first and second bouts of exercise (0.5 g/kg for each ingestion) (TWO) or placebo immediately before exercise (PLA) Time course changes of maximal jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Blood samples were also drawn to determine blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase (CK) and plasma IL-6 concentrations.ResultsBlood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were significantly higher in the ONE trial after first bout of 45 min exercise compared with PLA trial (P < 0.05), while serum FFA concentration was significantly elevated in PLA compared with ONE and TWO trials after second bout of exercise (P < 0.05). However, changes of jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue, HR, or indirect muscle damage (Mb, CK) and inflammatory (IL-6) markers were not significantly different among three trials (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe timing of carbohydrate ingestion did not affect exercise performance, exercise-induced muscle damage or inflammatory response during a simulated soccer game.
Highlights
Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is known to attenuate exercise-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 concentration
Blood glucose concentration was significantly higher in ONE trial compared with placebo immediately before exercise (PLA) trial after first bout of 45 min exercise
Serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly higher in PLA compared with in ONE and TWO trials after second bout of 45 min
Summary
Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is known to attenuate exercise-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 concentration. Purpose: The present study investigated the influence of different timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a simulated soccer game on exercise performance, metabolic and inflammatory responses. Both strenuous strength exercise (e.g., resistance exercise, rebound jump) and prolonged endurance exercise (e.g., marathon running) involving eccentric contraction result in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) (Nosaka et al 1991; Child et al 1998; Nosaka and Sakamoto 2000). CK concentration was increased twice, and IL-6 concentration was elevated by four–five-fold following soccer game (Souglis et al 2015) Inflammatory cytokine release such as IL-6 during intensive exercise is suggested to be a factor for reduction of exercise performance (Welc and Clanton 2013). Attenuation of muscle damage and inflammatory response during team sports is considered to be important to delay the onset of fatigue and to maintain exercise capacity throughout the game
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