Abstract
Heating and supplemental lighting are often provided during spring greenhouse production of bedding plants, but energy inputs are a major production cost. Different energy-savings strategies can be utilized, but effects on plant growth and flowering must be considered. We evaluated the impact and timing of a two-week low-energy (reduced temperature and irradiance) interval on flowering and growth of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. ‘Accent Orange’), pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams. ‘Delta Premium Blue Blotch’), petunia (Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Dreams Pink’), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Montego Violet’). Flowering was delayed 7 to 10 days when the low-energy exposure occurred before flowering. Flower number was reduced 40–61% in impatiens, 33–35% in petunia (low-energy weeks 5–6 and weeks 7–8, respectively), and 35% in pansy (weeks 5–6). Petunia and impatiens dry mass gradually decreased as the low-energy exposure occurred later in production; petunias were 26% (weeks 5–6) and 33% (weeks 7–8) smaller, and impatiens were 20% to 31% smaller than ambient plants. Estimated energy savings were 14% to 16% for the eight-week period, but only up to 7% from transplant to flowering. Growers can consider including a two-week reduction in temperature and irradiance to reduce energy, provided an additional week of production is scheduled.
Highlights
Greenhouse production of annual bedding plants for spring markets occurs in late winter and early spring
Petunia and impatiens dry mass gradually decreased as the low-energy exposure occurred later in production; petunias were 26% and 33% smaller, and impatiens were 20% to 31% smaller than ambient plants
Compared to control plants grown at ambient conditions, flowering was delayed when plants were provided with a two-week low-energy interval early in production. This occurred in all crops grown in the cool, low light environment in weeks 1–2 or weeks 3–4, and in petunia in weeks 5–6 (Table 2)
Summary
Greenhouse production of annual bedding plants for spring markets occurs in late winter and early spring. Heating and supplemental lighting are often provided to offset low outdoor temperatures and augment low solar irradiation intensity and duration. Energy inputs are a major production cost for greenhouse-grown plants. In the United States, energy is the third largest expense after labor and plant material, and it accounted for 9% of total production costs in the 2014 Census of Horticultural Specialties [1]. 65% to 85% of total greenhouse energy consumption is for heating [2]. Irradiance drives photosynthesis and primarily influences crop growth and dry weight gain
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