Abstract
Sophisticated axolotl limb regeneration is a highly orchestrated process that requires highly regulated gene expression and epigenetic modification patterns at precise positions and timings. We previously demonstrated two waves of post-amputation expression of a nerve-mediated repressive epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), at the wound healing (3 days post-amputation; 3 dpa) and blastema formation (8 dpa onward) stages in juvenile axolotls. Limb regeneration was profoundly inhibited by local injection of an HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, at the amputation sites. To explore the transcriptional response of post-amputation axolotl limb regeneration in a tissue-specific and time course-dependent manner after MS-275 treatment, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the epidermis and soft tissue (ST) at 0, 3, and 8 dpa with and without MS-275 treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of each coregulated gene cluster revealed a complex array of functional pathways in both the epidermis and ST. In particular, HDAC activities were required to inhibit the premature elevation of genes related to tissue development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Further validation by Q-PCR in independent animals demonstrated that the expression of 5 out of 6 development- and regeneration-relevant genes that should only be elevated at the blastema stage was indeed prematurely upregulated at the wound healing stage when HDAC1 activity was inhibited. WNT pathway-associated genes were also prematurely activated under HDAC1 inhibition. Applying a WNT inhibitor to MS-275-treated amputated limbs partially rescued HDAC1 inhibition, resulting in blastema formation defects. We propose that post-amputation HDAC1 expression is at least partially responsible for pacing the expression timing of morphogenic genes to facilitate proper limb regeneration.
Highlights
Axolotls have a remarkable capacity to regenerate multi-tissue structures
We demonstrated two waves of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression post-amputation corresponding to the wound healing stage and the duration of blastema formation
Five out of the 6 genes tested exhibited similar premature elevation patterns when treated with MS-275, as indicated in the sequencing analysis (Supplementary Figure 3). These results suggest that HDAC1 has an important role in preventing premature elevation of developmental genes postamputation to ensure rigorous timing for ensuring successful blastema formation, which is critical for limb regeneration
Summary
Axolotls have a remarkable capacity to regenerate multi-tissue structures. Following limb amputation, the exposed wound is covered rapidly by a specialized epithelium derived from keratinocytes around the wound periphery (Chalkley, 1954; Ferris et al, 2010). The cell lineageand regeneration stage-specific expression patterns of various morphogenesis genes are critical for successful limb regeneration (Monaghan et al, 2009, 2012; Campbell et al, 2011; Knapp et al, 2013; Stewart et al, 2013; Wu et al, 2013; DíazCastillo, 2017). These data suggest that regeneration in axolotls is a highly orchestrated stepwise process requiring precise transcriptional modulation
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