Timing and Synchronization of the Breeding Period in Pilumnus vespertilio (Crustacea: Pilumnidae) in Subtropical Okinawa, Japan

Abstract

Observations on the temporal occurrence of copulating pairs, ovigerous females, monthly brooding periods, and embryo development stages in Pilumnus vespertilio Fabricius were carried out in the wild on Okinawa Island, Japan. The relationship between the female gonad and hepatopancreas during a reproductive period was also studied. These reproductive activities were observed in relation to the lunar cycles. An inverse relationship between mass of the hepatopancreas and development of the gonad was observed. Mating and breeding activities were perfectly synchronized with the lunar periodicity. Five broods from May to September were observed in a single breeding period, and the average brooding period was 21.2 days with an interlude of 8.5 ′ 3.1 days between broods/months. The shortest interlude was between May and June (4 days). A sixth brood that started in October was not followed to the end because it started with very few ovigerous females. Embryo development time in days decreased with each stage and averaged 5.3 days per stage. Copulating activity and appearance of ovigerous females during successive broods (months) were clearly synchronized with the lunar cycle. Although copulating frequency was highest after the full moon, nearly 100% of females were ovigerous around the new moon. All females of any one sample carried eggs of the same development stage. All females released their larvae 1-3 days before full moon, coinciding with a high tide. Larvae are probably released during this time as a survival strategy against predators such as planktivorous fish and against adverse intertidal conditions during other times.