Time-series evolution patterns of land subsidence in the eastern Beijing Plain, China

Junjie Zuo,Chaofan Zhou,Yinghai Ke,Beibei Chen,Kaisi Liu,Huili Gong

doi:10.3390/rs11050539

Abstract

Land subsidence in the Eastern Beijing Plain has a long history and is always serious. In this paper, we consider the time-series evolution patterns of the eastern of Beijing Plain. First, we use the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) technique, with Envisat and Radarsat-2 data, to monitor the deformation of Beijing Plain from 2007 to 2015. Second, we adopt the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) method, combined with hydrogeological data, to analyze the spatial evolution patterns of land subsidence. The results suggest that land subsidence developed mainly in the northwest–southeast direction until 2012 and then expanded in all directions. This process corresponds to the expansion of the groundwater cone of depression range after 2012, although subsidence is restricted by geological conditions. Then, we use the permutation entropy (PE) algorithm to reverse the temporal evolution pattern of land subsidence, and interpret the causes of the phenomenon in combination with groundwater level change data. The results show that the time-series evolution pattern of the land subsidence funnel edge can be divided into three stages. From 2009 to 2010, the land subsidence development was uneven. From 2010 to 2012, the land subsidence development was relatively even. From 2012 to 2013, the development of land subsidence became uneven. However, subsidence within the land subsidence funnel is divided into two stages. From 2009 to 2012, the land subsidence tended to be even, and from 2012 to 2015, the land subsidence was relatively more even. The main reason for the different time-series evolution patterns at these two locations is the annual groundwater level variations. The larger the variation range of groundwater is, the higher the corresponding PE value, which means the development of the land subsidence tends to be uneven.

Highlights

During the last few decades, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has become an important tool for the mapping and monitoring deformation processes [1,2,3,4]
From comprehensive groundwater and compressible soil data, we find that the spatial evolution characteristics of land subsidence in the Eastern Beijing Plain are basically consistent with those of groundwater, subsidence is restricted by geological conditions
In this work, based on Envisat and Radarsat-2 data from 2007 to 2015, we detect the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of the two most serious land subsidence funnels in the Beijing Plain based on the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) and permutation entropy (PE) methods

Summary

Introduction

During the last few decades, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has become an important tool for the mapping and monitoring deformation processes [1,2,3,4]. With the InSAR technique, we can measure deformation over a large scale, from millimeters to centimeters. This method faces the problems of spatial and temporal decorrelation and atmospheric distribution. The PSI techniques has shown its potential for ground deformation monitoring in a number of applications, including land subsidence [7,8,9,10], seismic faults [11,12,13], and landslide-prone slopes [14,15,16]. Since the 1960s, land subsidence has been found in the Beijing Plain, which has experienced rapid development. The deformation of the Beijing Plain shows seasonal variations, and the spatial location of land subsidence funnels is consistent with the location of the groundwater cone of depression, not entirely [23]. The spatial distribution of the deformation rate from 2003 to 2010 was similar to that from 2010 to 2016, but the subsidence rate from 2010 to 2016 was higher that from 2003 to 2010 [24]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion