Abstract
Abstract. While optical remote sensing has demonstrated its capabilities for landslide detection and monitoring, spatial and temporal demands for landslide early warning systems (LEWSs) had not been met until recently. We introduce a novel conceptual approach to structure and quantitatively assess lead time for LEWSs. We analysed “time to warning” as a sequence: (i) time to collect, (ii) time to process and (iii) time to evaluate relevant optical data. The difference between the time to warning and “forecasting window” (i.e. time from hazard becoming predictable until event) is the lead time for reactive measures. We tested digital image correlation (DIC) of best-suited spatiotemporal techniques, i.e. 3 m resolution PlanetScope daily imagery and 0.16 m resolution unmanned aerial system (UAS)-derived orthophotos to reveal fast ground displacement and acceleration of a deep-seated, complex alpine mass movement leading to massive debris flow events. The time to warning for the UAS/PlanetScope totals 31/21 h and is comprised of time to (i) collect – 12/14 h, (ii) process – 17/5 h and (iii) evaluate – 2/2 h, which is well below the forecasting window for recent benchmarks and facilitates a lead time for reactive measures. We show optical remote sensing data can support LEWSs with a sufficiently fast processing time, demonstrating the feasibility of optical sensors for LEWSs.
Highlights
IntroductionLandslides are a major natural hazard leading to human casualties and socio-economic impacts, mainly by causing infrastructure damage (Dikau et al, 1996; Hilker et al, 2009)
Landslides are a major natural hazard leading to human casualties and socio-economic impacts, mainly by causing infrastructure damage (Dikau et al, 1996; Hilker et al, 2009).They are often triggered by earthquakes, intense short-period or prolonged precipitation, and human activities (Hungr et al, 2014; Froude and Petley, 2018)
Warning refers to a set of capacities for the timely and effective provision of warning information through institutions, such that individuals, communities and organisations exposed to a hazard are able to take action with sufficient time to reduce or avoid risk and prepare an effective response (UNISDR, 2009)
Summary
Landslides are a major natural hazard leading to human casualties and socio-economic impacts, mainly by causing infrastructure damage (Dikau et al, 1996; Hilker et al, 2009). They are often triggered by earthquakes, intense short-period or prolonged precipitation, and human activities (Hungr et al, 2014; Froude and Petley, 2018). Warning refers to a set of capacities for the timely and effective provision of warning information through institutions, such that individuals, communities and organisations exposed to a hazard are able to take action with sufficient time to reduce or avoid risk and prepare an effective response (UNISDR, 2009). The success of an early warning system (EWS) requires measurable pre-failure motion (or slow slope displacement) to allow for sufficient lead time for decisions on reactions and countermeasures (Grasso, 2014; Hungr et al, 2014)
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