Abstract
It has been shown that it is theoretically possible for there to exist higher-order quantum processes in which the operations performed by separate parties cannot be ascribed a definite causal order. Some of these processes are believed to have a physical realization in standard quantum mechanics via coherent control of the times of the operations. A prominent example is the quantum SWITCH, which was recently demonstrated experimentally. However, the interpretation of such experiments as realizations of a process with indefinite causal structure as opposed to some form of simulation of such a process has remained controversial. Where exactly are the local operations of the parties in such an experiment? On what spaces do they act given that their times are indefinite? Can we probe them directly rather than assume what they ought to be based on heuristic considerations? How can we reconcile the claim that these operations really take place, each once as required, with the fact that the structure of the presumed process implies that they cannot be part of any acyclic circuit? Here, I offer a precise answer to these questions: the input and output systems of the operations in such a process are generally nontrivial subsystems of Hilbert spaces that are tensor products of Hilbert spaces associated with systems at different times---a fact that is directly experimentally verifiable. With respect to these time-delocalized subsystems, the structure of the process is one of a circuit with a causal cycle. This provides a rigorous sense in which processes with indefinite causal structure can be said to exist within the known quantum mechanics. I also identify a whole class of isometric processes, of which the quantum SWITCH is a special case, that admit a physical realization on time-delocalized subsystems. These results unveil a novel structure within quantum mechanics, which may have important implications for physics and information processing.
Highlights
According to quantum mechanics, physical quantities in general do not have definite values unless measured
We have shown that a class of causally nonseparable quantum processes has a physical realization within standard quantum mechanics in terms of operations whose input and output systems are time-delocalized subsystems—a concept that is both mathematically well defined and directly experimentally testable
This result puts on solid grounds the interpretation of recent experimental demonstrations of the quantum SWITCH [33, 35, 36, 37] as realizations of this higher-order transformation
Summary
Physical quantities in general do not have definite values unless measured. In the implementations of the quantum SWITCH [33, 35, 36, 37], the experiment can be seen to involve two applications of controlled unitary operations at two different times in the laboratory of each party (see Sec. 3), which are such that under the particular arrangement, when the control qubit is prepared in a classically definite logical state, exactly one of the two would result in a nontrivial transformation on the target system. It is natural to consider operations whose input and output systems are nontrivial subsystems of the tensor products of Hilbert spaces associated with different times As it turns out, there exist pairs of such time-delocalized input and output subsystems on which it is possible to apply any standard quantum operation without post-selection, despite the fact that the input system cannot be associated with a region of spacetime that is in the causal past of the output system.
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