Abstract
As a major kind of carbamate insecticide, propoxur plays an important role in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health. The acute toxicity of propoxur is mainly neurotoxicity due to the inhibition of cholinesterase. However, little is known regarding the toxicity of propoxur upon long-term exposure at low dose. In this study, Wistar rats were orally administrated with low dose (4.25 mg/kg body weight/day) for consecutive 90 days. And the urine samples in rats treated with propoxur for 30, 60, and 90 days were collected and analyzed by employing 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. We found that propoxur caused significant changes in the urine metabolites, including taurine, creatinine, citrate, succinate, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide. And the alteration of the metabolites was getting more difference compared with that of the control as the exposure time extending. The present study not only indicated that the changed metabolites could be used as biomarkers of propoxur-induced toxicity but also suggested that the time-course alteration of the urine metabolomic profiles could reflect the progressive development of the toxicity following propoxur exposure.
Highlights
Propoxur is a widely used carbamate insecticide, which plays an important role in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health
We found that only liver weight was decreased significantly after 90-day exposure; no obvious difference in all other organ weights was observed between the propoxur-treated rats and the control rats (Table 1)
We employed Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach to reveal that the metabolomic profiles changed along with the treatment time of propoxur
Summary
Propoxur is a widely used carbamate insecticide, which plays an important role in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health. Metabolomics is the quantitative measurement of the metabolic response of organisms to pathological stimuli[8] It provides better opportunity for assessment of the toxicity of environmental stressors[9], and human diseases diagnosis[10,11]. Using the data processing and statistical analysis such as principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares methods[13,14], the NMR data of biofluids can reveal changes of a large number of endogenous metabolites[15] In this current study, the 1H NMR analysis together with multivariate pattern recognition (PR) techniques were used for the time course study of propoxur toxicity in rat. This approach of studying propoxur toxicity will identify metabolic alteration in different stages of the insecticide toxicity, and potential biomarkers of propoxur toxicity at different exposure stages
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