Abstract

 
 
 Watermarks allow one to embed information into digital videos in a way that is imperceptible to the viewer. This information can be used to establish ownership, trace origin of copies, and verify the integrity of the video. Watermarking may be compared to injecting additional energy; to ensure that this injection remains unnoticeable, it should be as small as possible. We outline an approach that permits a significant increase of the amount of information that can be accommodated in a watermark without any increase in the complexity of the process, namely time- variant watermarks. Since data compression is an important aspect in storing and distributing digital videos, we formulate our approach assuming the video is represented in an MPEG format. We discuss implementation issues of time-variant watermarks, with special emphasis on their advantages over the usual time- invariant watermarks. We comment on defeating attacks using filtering, cropping, resizing, and other standard methods used to defeat watermarks, such as changing existing frames, as well as new attacks, such as removing, repeating or permuting frames.
 
 
Highlights
Introduction and MotivationAll digital information can be copied perfectly since any string consisting of 0’s and 1’s is indistinguishable from its copy [Leiss, 1982]
Before we describe MPEG-2, we give some brief explanation of digital color and its representation
We have outlined our approach to embedding time-variant watermarks into digital video files
Summary
All digital information can be copied perfectly since any string consisting of 0’s and 1’s is indistinguishable from its copy [Leiss, 1982]. To alleviate problems created by the paucity of information available in the watermark, we propose the notion of time-variant watermarks In this scheme, different frames of a video (or an audio) file will be associated with different watermarks. Visible and invisible, robust and fragile, are time-invariant: the embedded watermark is the same, independent of the video frame into which it is embedded. As in time-invariant watermark schemes, the watermark sequence is repeated until the end of the medium into which it is embedded is reached This allows one either to increase the amount of information that is encoded in the aggregate watermark or to reduce the amount of information that is contained in a single watermark frame. We conclude with a summary of the advantages of the approach and by indicating possible future work
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