Time-use among men and women in Zambia: A comparison of grid, off-grid, and unconnected households

Abstract

Access to electricity is essential to improving quality of life. The goal of this study is to understand how different types of electricity access affect time use between men and women and identify the everyday activities where electricity may have the greatest impact on women's quality of life. Using the World Bank's Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) dataset for Zambia, we apply a Tobit model to examine how male and female household members allocate their time among different activities and the impact of different types of electric connections on those allocations. Our results show that compared to households without electricity, off-grid connections significantly increase women's time in paid work, more so than grid connections, while grid connections significantly increase the time both men and women spend listening to the radio and watching television. These activities have been shown to be key to empowering women through exposure to women in emancipated roles, decreased fertility rates, lower acceptance of intimate partner violence, and increased shares of divorce and separation. Off-grid connected households showed no difference in television or radio time and increased time in energy-related activities for both men and women compared to households without electricity. These results suggest that efforts to expand grid-connected and off-grid electricity may have different effects on women's quality of life.