Abstract
<h3>Abstract</h3> For the future lunar navigation satellite system (LNSS), a GPS-like constellation for the Moon, NASA has expressed interest in using a smallsat platform. However, many design decisions have yet to be finalized, including the orbit, constellation, and onboard clock. Furthermore, designing a dedicated smallsat-based LNSS limits the payload capacity, thus restricting the size, weight, and power (SWaP) of the onboard clock. We propose an LNSS design with time transfer from intermittently available GPS signals wherein we design a Kalman filter to estimate timing corrections for a low-SWaP clock. Additionally, we devise a lunar User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) metric to characterize the ranging accuracy of signals transmitted by an LNSS satellite. We further validate our time-transfer technique with simulations of an LNSS satellite in an elliptical lunar frozen orbit (ELFO) with an onboard chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) while analyzing the visibility effects of GPS, timing errors, and lunar UERE across ELFOs.
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