Abstract
The current increase in vector-borne disease worldwide necessitates novel approaches to vaccine development targeted to pathogens delivered by blood-feeding arthropod vectors into the host skin. A concept that is gaining traction in recent years is the contribution of the vector or vector-derived components, like salivary proteins, to host-pathogen interactions. Indeed, the triad of vector-host-pathogen interactions in the skin microenvironment can influence host innate and adaptive responses alike, providing an advantage to the pathogen to establish infection. A better understanding of this “bite site” microenvironment, along with how host and vector local microbiomes immunomodulate responses to pathogens, is required for future vaccines for vector-borne diseases. Microneedle administration of such vaccines may more closely mimic vector deposition of pathogen and saliva into the skin with the added benefit of near painless vaccine delivery. Focusing on the ‘micro’–from microenvironments to microbiomes to microneedles–may yield an improved generation of vector-borne disease vaccines in today’s increasingly complex world.
Highlights
IntroductionResponsible for nearly one million deaths per year [1], vector-borne diseases are on the rise [2]
Responsible for nearly one million deaths per year [1], vector-borne diseases are on the rise [2].Vector-borne disease occurs when a pathogen is transmitted by the infected bite of a blood-feeding arthropod such as a mosquito, fly, mite, flea or tick
Some attribute the complications of vector-borne disease vaccine development to the pleiotropic effects of vector saliva on both host and pathogen [5]
Summary
Responsible for nearly one million deaths per year [1], vector-borne diseases are on the rise [2]. Research efforts are mostly focused on the pathogen-host interactions without acknowledging the significant contribution of vector-derived products to disease development. Some attribute the complications of vector-borne disease vaccine development to the pleiotropic effects of vector saliva on both host and pathogen [5]. Notwithstanding ecological, social, and environmental determinants successful transmission of vector-borne disease occurs within a triad of (1)apathogen-host interactions, of health, successful transmission of vector-borne disease occurs within triad of (1) pathogen-host (2). Where the host, pathogen, vector for vaccine development to disrupt disease transmission at “the bite site,” where the host,and pathogen, initially intersect, gainingistraction. Given the growing popularity this concept, review buildsbuilds upon the existing basic science of cutaneous interactions this review upon the existing basicliterature science literature of host-pathogen-vector cutaneous host-pathogen-vector to present a to broader, perspective vector-derived vaccine opportunities.
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