Abstract
Mining sites development have had a significant impact on local socioeconomic conditions, the environment, and sustainability. However, the transformation of camp-type artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sites with large influxes of miners from different regions has not been properly evaluated, owing to the closed nature of the ASGM sector. Here, we use remote sensing imagery and field investigations to assess ASGM sites with large influxes of miners living in mining camps in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, in 1995–2020. Built-up areas were identified as indicators of transformation of camp-type ASGM sites, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, from the time series of images obtained using Google Earth Engine, then correlated with the prevalent gold market price. An 18.6-fold increase in built-up areas in mining camps was observed in 2020 compared with 1995, which correlated with increases in local gold prices. Field investigations showed that miner influx also increased after increases in gold prices. These findings extend our understanding of the rate and scale of development in the closed ASGM sector and the driving factors behind these changes. Our results provide significant insight into the potential rates and levels of socio-environmental pollution at local and community levels.
Highlights
Published: 7 September 2021The development of mining sites has had a significant impact on local socioeconomic conditions, the environment, and their sustainability
This evidence allowed us to understand the transformation of the ASGM sector by large influxes of miners living at mining camps
The transformation of the ASGM sector, with large influxes of miners living at mining camps in Bone Bolango Regency, Indonesia, was assessed with remote sensing imagery and field investigations
Summary
Published: 7 September 2021The development of mining sites has had a significant impact on local socioeconomic conditions, the environment, and their sustainability. Understanding the speed and scale of the development of mining sites and the factors driving these changes should provide significant insight into the potential rates and levels of socio-environmental pollution at local and community levels. This may allow problems to be avoided and alternative sustainable strategies to be developed by involving various stakeholders at different levels. The sector can be generally characterized as informal, unregistered, and illegal [3] In this practice, gold is commonly extracted with mercury at the stage of amalgamation, causing extremely harmful environmental and occupational health hazards as a result of mercury pollution [4,5,6]. Mercury emissions into the atmosphere and its releases into water from ASGM are significant, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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